Hollow-walled boxes



1956 M. l. WILLIAM-SON 1.77 9

HOLLOW-WALLED BOXES 2 Sheets-Sheet 1.

Filed April 14, 1955 INVENTOR. Marhall l; Williamson W A TTORNEY 1956M. 1. WILLIAMSON HOLLOW-WALLED BOXES 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filedc. April 14,1953 INVENTOR. Marshall 1. Williamson L ATTORNEY United States PatentHOLLOW-WALLED BOXES Marshall I. Williamson, New Haven, Conn. ApplicationApril 14, 1953, Serial No. 348,739 Claims. (Cl. 229-34) This inventionprovides a novel and improved construction for boxes, cartons, trays, orother receptacles made from paperboard, cardboard, or other foldablesheet material, hereinafter collectively referred to, for convenience,as boxes or folding boxes.

This invention has particular reference to folding boxes having hollowwalls of substantially triangular cross-section. Such boxes aresometimes referred to as bevel-edge boxes or bevel-edge trays.

Hollow walled boxes of the aforementioned type are particularly wellsuited for the visual display of merchandisc in an attractive and eyecatching manner. The boxes must also meet exacting standards of strengthand rigidity.

The dimensions of the bevel-edge boxes vary widely, in accordance withthe merchandise to be packaged and displayed therein. In certaininstances a group of re lated articles is packaged, for example acomplete photo graphic outfit. As another packaging and display examplemay be mentioned a set of cutlery or a set of silverware. Naturally,considerable variations are encountered in the depth of the box as wellas in the slope of the walls. The weight of the box contents may beconsiderable and it is readily seen that problems of strength andrigidity are encountered in boxes which are relatively shallow inrelation to their size.

My prior Patents 2,605,953 and 2,605,954, disclose box constructions ofextraordinary strength which is mainly derived from a particularconstruction of the box walls and corners.

It is often desirable to reinforce ;the box structure against twisting,which is encountered, for example, when a box with heavy contents, forexample silverware, is picked up by one corner.

In other instances it may be desired to provide a cushioning or articleretaining inner bottom panel, which may be provided with contentsretaining recesses or projections.

This invention provides an improved box construction of the bevel-edgetype characterized by great rigidity and twist resistance. Themechanical properties of the improved box make the box admirably suitedfor the packaging and display of merchandise which requires a relativelylarge but shallow box. However, the structural improvements according tothe invention are equally advantageous for deep boxes or boxes of smallsize or boxes which, due to their particular use, require a double-plybottom, or a liner panel.

My co-pending application, Serial No. 348,359, filed Aprill3, 1953, isdirected to a box construction which permits ready assembly of thehollow box from a preglued flat blank so laid out that any desired slopeand depth of the walls may be chosen without sacrifice of the assemblyfeature of using a pre-glued fiat, partially tubular blank. Suchconstruction may advantageously be used in boxes incorporating theimprovements which form the subject matter of this invention.

The aforementioned, and various other objects, features and advantagesof the invention will appear more fully from the detailed descriptionwhich follows, accompanied by drawings showing, for the purpose ofillustration, a representative embodiment of the invention. Theinvention also consists in certain new and original features ofconstruction and combination of elements hereinafter set forth andclaimed.

Although the characteristic features of this invention which arebelieved to be novel will be particularly pointed out in the claimsappended hereto, the invention itself, its objects and advantages, andthe manner in which it may be carried out, may be better understood byreferring to the following description taken in connection with theaccompanying drawing in which:

Fig. 1 is a plan view of a modified fiat cut and scored box blankincorporating the present invention;

Fig. 2 is a plan view of a liner blank for use with the box shell blankof Fig. 1;

i Fig 3 is a perspective view of a box assembled from the box shellblank of Fig. l and the liner blank of Fig. 2, the box being shownbefore down-folding of a liner flap to illustrate the construction;

Fig. 4 is an elevational view of the end wall construction of the box ofFig. 3, the section being taken in plane 44 in Fig. 3;

Fig. 5 is a perspective view, partly in section of a box constructionincluding a modified box shell blank and a corrugated liner; and

Fig. 6 is an elevational View of the side wall construction of the boxof Fig. 5, a section being taken in plane 66.

In the following description and in the claims, various details will beidentified by specific names for convenience. These names, however, areintended to be as generic in their application as the art will permit.Corresponding reference characters refer to corresponding parts in theseveral figures of the drawings.

In the drawings accompanying, and forming part of, this specification,certain specific disclosure of the invention is made for the purpose ofexplanation of broader aspects of the invention, but it is understoodthat details may be modified in various respects without departure fromthe principles of the invention and that the invention may be applied toother structures than the one shown.

Referring to the drawings, the blank A in Fig. 1 may be cut and scoredin multiple from rolls or sheets of paperboard, cardboard, or otherflexible sheet material. Only one side of the board need be imprinted orotherwise decoratively finished, since only one side of the blank isexposed to view, the inner bottom surface being covered by a liner inthe finished box. In Fig. 1 the blank is shown in the position in whichthe unfinished surface faces the observer.

The blank is subdivided into panels and flaps by a plurality of scorelines. A main panel 11 is bordered by outer side fold lines 12 and 13and outer end fold lines 14 and 15. These fold lines intersect at thecorners 16, 17, 18 and 19 of the main panel which, as will later beseen, become the outer corners of the box.

Outer side wall panels 20 and 21 are articulated to the main panel 11along the outer side fold lines 12 and 13, respectively. Inner side wallpanels 22 and 23 are articulated to the outer side wall panels alongside ridge fold lines 24 and 25. Bottom side panels 26 and 27 arearticulated to the inner side wall panels 22 and 23 along inner sidefold lines 28 and 29, respectively.

In the same manner outer end wall panels 30 and 31 are articulated tothe main panel 11 along the outer end fold lines 14 and 15,respectively. Inner end wall panels 32 and 33 are articulated to theouter end wall panels along end ridge fold lines 34 and 35,respectively. Bot- J31 torn end panels 36 and 37 are articulated to theinner end wall panels 32 and 33 along inner end fold lines 38 and 39,respectively.

A pair of side flaps 40 and 41 are articulated to the outer end wallpanel 30 along oblique flap fold lines 42 and 43 extending at an anglewith respect to the outer end fold line 14. A further pair of side flaps44 and 45 is articulated to the outer end wall panel 31 along obliqueflap fold lines 46 and 47, respectively.

The provision of the side flaps 40, 41, 44 and 45 is optional. However,as will later become apparent, the side flaps, besides performing astructural function, result in neater appearance, since no cut edges areexposed at the corners of the box, if the aforementioned side flaps areemployed.

In the preferred form of the box according to my aforementioned priorpatents the corner structure of the blank includes at least two panelportions bordered by at least three corner fold lines aimed at a commonpoint of intersection on the side ridge fold lines. In the illustratedform of blank panel portions 48 and 49 are articula'ted to the innerside wall panel 22 along corner fold lines 50 and 51, respectively.These fold lines intersect the side ridge fold line 24 at 52 and 53. Apair of substantially triangular panel portions 54 and 55 is articulatedto the outer side wall panel 29 along corner fold lines 56 and 57,respectively. It will be noted that these corner fold lines 56 and 57are also aimed at the points of intersection 52 and 53, respectively.The panel portions 54 and 55 are further bordered by corner fold lines58 and 59 towards the panel portions 48 and 49, respectively. The cornerfold lines 58 and 59 are also aimed at the points 52 and 53,respectively.

Securing flaps 60 and 61 are articulated to the panel portions 54 and 55along flap fold lines 62 and 63, respectively. These securing flapsperform their function in a variety of ways, as will later be seen. Theymay be secured to other portions of the blank by stapling or by adhesiveor they may remain unattached in a position in which they abut one ormore fold lines of the blank with their outer edges, such abutment edgesbeing 64 and 65 on the securing flap 60, and edges 66 and 67 on thesecuring flap 61.

' In the same manner panel portions 68 and 69 are articulated to theinner side wall panel 23 along corner fold'lines 70 and 71,respectively. These fold lines intersect the side ridge fold line 25 at72 and 73, respectively. A pair of substantially triangular panelportions 74 and 75 is articulated to the outer side wall panel 21 alongcorner fold lines 76 and 77, respectively. It will be notedthat thesecorner fold lines 76 and 77 are also aimed at the points of intersection72 and 73, respectively. The panel portions 74 and 75 are furtherbordered bycorner fold lines 78 and 79 towards the panel portions 68 and69, respectively. The corner fold lines 78 and 79 are also aimed at thepoints 72 and 73, respectively.

Securing fiaps'80 and 81 are articulated to the panel portions 74 and 75along flap fold lines 82 and 83, respectively. These securing flaps 80and 81 have abutmerit edges 84, 85, and 86, 87, respectively.

The side flaps 40, 41, 44 and 45 have cut bordering edges 88, 89, 90,91, 92, 93, 94 and 95, respectively, which are preferably so disposedthat these cut edges Iabut certain fold lines of other panels in theassembled Bottom tabs 100 and 181 are formed on the bottom endpanels' 36and 37 by U-shaped cuts 102 and 103 beginning and ending at the innerend fold lines 38 and 39, respectively.

The assembly of the blank A shown in Fig. 1 into box form may proceed asfollows:

In the event the securing flaps 60, 61, 80 and 81 are to be adhesivelysecured, adhesive a is first applied to them. However, as previouslyindicated, the gluing of A these flaps is optional and there is nomaterial difference in strength or rigidity of the finished box, whetherthe securing flaps are glued or not. As will later be mentioned, thesecuring flaps may also be secured to the side flaps by stapling at alater stage of the assembly.

As a first folding operation, the side wall assemblies are folded overthe inside surface of the main panel 11 along the outer side fold lines12 and 13, respectively. The aforedescribed folding operation brings thesecuring flaps 68, 61, and 81 into overlying'position with respect tothe outer end wall panels3t) and 31. If adhesive is employed, thesecuring flaps 60 and 80 are pressed to the outer end wall panel 38, andthe securing flaps 61 and 81 are bonded to the outer end wall panel 31.

Even if no adhesive is employed, it becomes apparent that in the foldedcondition the abutment edges 64 and 84 are in substantial register withthe flap fold lines 42 and 43. Similarly, the abutment edges 66 and 86are in substantial register with the flap fold lines 46 and 47. Also,the abutment edges 65 and are in substantial register with the end ridgefold line 34 and the abutmerit edges 68 and 87 are in substantialregister with end ridge fold line 35.

Next, the side flaps 40, 41, 44 and 45 are folded over the respectivesecuring flaps 60, 80, 61 and 81, respec-' tively. After performance ofthis last described folding operation, the abutment edges 88 and 98 ofthe side flaps 40 and 41 lie in substantial coincidence with theabutment edges 65 and 85, and also with the end ridge fold line 34. Theabutment edges 89 and 91 are in substantial coincidence with the cornerfold lines 62 and 82.

At'the other end of the box, the abutment edges 92 and 94 of the sideflaps 44 and 45 are in substantial coincidence with the abutment edges67 and 87 and with the end ridge fold line 35. The abutment edges 93 and95 of the side flaps 44 and 45 are in substantial coincidence with thecorner fold lines 63 and 83, respectively.

In the event the securing flaps 60, 61 and 38, 81 are not glued they maybe stapled to the overlying side flaps 48, 44 and 41, 45, respectively.

The folded blank may be shipped and stored in flat collapsed conditionand requires a minimum of space for shipping and storing. it may easilybe set up into hollow box form by a simple operation which will now bedescribed.

In order to erect the box, the end wall assemblies are folded at thefold lines 14 and 15 with respect to the main panel 11. Substantiallysimultaneously the bottom side panels 26 and 27 are folded at theirrespective inner side fold lines 28 and 29 to underlie the inner sidewall panels 22 and 23, respectively.

The folding operations cause the side Walls to assume hollow triangularcrosssectional shape. The blank creases at the fold lines 62, 82, 63 and83, as well as at the corner fold lines 50, 51, 70 and 71, respectively.The

points of intersection 52, 53, 72 and 73 rise as peaks and form fourridge corners. The panel portions 54, 55, 74 and 75 form end surfacesover which the outer end wall panels 30 and 31 are foldable and againstwhich the end panels rest together with the flaps 40, 60, 41, 8t) andthe flaps 44', 61, and 45, 81, which are folded over the outer end Wallpanel 38 and 31, respectively. When the'folding of the outer end wallpanels 30 and 31 is completed, the end ridge fold lines 34 and 35 extendl-between the peaks 52, 72 and 53, 73, respectively. 7

In order to complete the erection of the box shell it is only necessaryto fold the inner end wall panels 32 and 33 into their requiredposition.

The addition of a liner panel imparts great resistance to twisting tothe box. If the box is picked up by one corner and would tend to twistdue to the weight of the contents of the box, the inner side panels andthe inner end panels of the box depart from their right angular positionwith respect to one another in which they normally outline a rectangleon the main panel 11. If the box is twisted, the rectangle becomes aparallelogram.

T he inserted liner panel 107 engages the, wall panel structure, of thebox shell with its bounding edges and resists such distortion of thebox. This is particularly important in boxes for heavy merchandise, forexample, silverware, and for boxes which are particularly shallow inrelation to the size of the main panel 11.

A liner panel for the blank B is shown in Fig. 2.

The liner panel 107 is of a length substantially equal to the distancebetween the outer end fold lines 14 and 15, and its width issubstantially equal to the distance between the outer side fold lines 12and 13 of the blank B.

Substantially U-shaped cuts 108 and 109 form flaps 110 and 111 in thepanel 107. These flaps have foldlines 112 and 113, respectively, alongwhich the flaps remain connected to the panel 107.

The assembly of the lined box from the blank A and the liner panel 107may proceed as follows:

At the beginning of the assembly operations, the panel 107 is placed onthe main panel 11 of the blank A and the side walls of the box are thenerected in the same manner as hereinbefore described in connection withblank A. It is evident, however, that the bottom side panels 26 and 27of the blank Acome to rest on top of the liner panel 107 instead of onthe main panel 11 proper.

Before the bottom end panels of the blank A are tucked in, the flaps 108and 109 are folded up as illustrated in Fig. 3 at 108, and the bottomend panels are then tucked into the space between the liner panel 107and the main panel 11 of the blank A. The marginal portions of the linerpanel 107 which the bottom end flaps underlie are identified as 114 and115. After the inner end walls 32 and 33 are in place, the flaps 110 and111 are folded down onto the respective bottom tabs 100 and 101. In thisposition the flaps 110 and 111 lock the inner end panels 32 and 33firmly in place. The liner panel 107 makes the box twist resistant, notonly 'by engaging the wall structures adjacent the outer side fold linesand adjacent the outer end fold lines, but also by clamping the innerend panels 32 and 33 at the cut edges of the cuts 108 and 109. i

Fig. 4 shows the panels and flaps of the box end structure in theirfinal position, and the broken lines indicate the position of the flap111 prior to tucking in of the bottom end panel 36. The edge down asindicated by the arrow 116 Fig. illustrates a modified box constructionincluding,

a box blank incorporating pre-glued side wall structures as disclosed ingreater detail in my co-pending application, Serial No. 348,359, filingdate April 13, 1953.

As shown in greater detail in Fig. 6, the illustrated side wallstructure comprises a bottom panel 11, an outer side wall panel 20, aninner side wall panel 22', an upper bottom panel 117 and a bottom sidepanel 26 which may be adhesively or otherwise secured to the main panel11'. The upper bottom panel 117 forms a return fold with the bottom sidepanel 26', which by reason of its location may also be called anintermediate bottom panel, and the liner panel 107 extends intothisreturn fold.

In the event the liner panel 107 is of substantial thickness, forexample if made of corrugated stock, it is advisable to provide twoclosely spaced fold lines 118 and 119 at the return fold.

The shape of the liner panel 107' corresponds to the shape of the linerpanel 107 shown in Fig. 2. However, the liner panel 107 is slightlynarrower, since its outer edges extend to the return fold lines 118 and119, and not to the outer side fold lines 12 and 13. i

The liner panel 107 is placed on the pre-glued box blank prior toerection of the side wall structures, and the side wall structures arethen directed above, or around, the liner panel 107. The completion ofthe end wall structures takes place in the same manner as illustratedand described in connection with Fig. 3.

Obviously, the present invention is not restricted to the of the flap111 swings particular form of box herein described, but may beincorporated in other forms of boxes with equal benefits.

tion, a main panel; a pair of side wall structures on oppo-' site sidesof the main panel, a pair of end wall structures at opposite ends of themain panel; and corner structures between said side wall structures andsaid end Wall structures; each of said side wall structures comprising,an outer side wall panel articulated to said main panel along an outerside fold line; an inner side wall panel articulated to said outer sidewall panel along a side ridge fold line; and a bottom side panelarticulated to said inner side wall panel along an inner side fold lineand extending outwardly toward said outer side fold line in the set-upbox; each of said end wall structures comprising, an outer end wallpanel articulated to said main panel along an outer end fold line; aninner end wall panel articulated to said outer end wall panel along anend ridge fold line; and a bottom end panel articulated to said innerend panel along an inner end fold line, said bottom end panel extendingoutwardly toward said outer end fold line in the set-up box; each ofsaid corner structures comprising at least one corner panel articulatedto one of the wall panels of one wall structure along a fold line aimedat the ridge fold line of said one wall structure, said corner panellying, in the set-up box, between the outer wall panel and the innerwall panel of the other wall structure meeting said one wall structureat the respective corner; a liner panel of a width greater than thedistance between the inl ner side wall panels and of a length greaterthan the distance between the inner end wall panels, considering theset-up box, said liner having internal flaps cut from its stock, saidinternal flaps pointing towards the proximate end edges of the liner andhaving a hinge line substantially parallel to, and spaced from, theinner end panel of the box, the end edges of the flaps beingsubstantially parallel and spaced from each other a distance equal tothe distance between the inner end panels of the box; and bottom tabs onthe end wall structures, said bottom tabs extending at right angles tothe inner end. wall panels and in the opposite direction as the bottomend panels, said liner underlying said bottom side panels and saidbottom end panels, said tabs underlying said liner flaps at the endedges of said flaps.

2. A hollow walled folding box comprising, in combination, a main panel;a pair of side wall structures on opposite sides of the main panel, apair of end Wall structures at opposite ends of the main panel; andcorner structures between said side wall structures and said end wallstructures; each of said side wall structures comprising, an outer sidewall panel articulated to said main panel along an outer side fold line;an inner side wall panel articulated to said outer side wall panel alonga side ridge fold line and a bottom side panel articulated to said innerside wall panel along an inner side fold line and extending outwardlytoward said outer side fold line in the set-up box; each of said endwall structures comprising, an outer end wall panel articulated to saidmain panel along an outer end fold line; an inner end wall panelarticulated to said outer endwall panel alongan end ridge fold line; anda bottom end panel articulated to said inner end panel along an innerend fold line, said bottom end panel extending outwardly toward saidouter end fold line in the set-up box; each of said corner structurescomprising at least one corner panel articulated to one of the wallpanels of one wall structure along a fold line aimed at the ridge foldline of said one wall structure, said corner panel lying, in the set-upbox, between the outer wall panel and the inner wall panel of the otherwall structure meeting said one wall structure at the respective corner;a liner panel of a width greater than the distance between proximate endedges of the liner and having a hinge line substantially parallel to,and spaced from, the'inner end panel of the box, the end edges of theflaps being substantially'p'arallel and spaced from each other adistance equal to the distance between the inner end panels of the box;

and bo'ttorn' tabs on the end wall structures, said tabs being cut fromthe stock of the inner end wall panels, integral with, and lying in thesame plane, but extending in the opposite direction as, the' bottom endpanels, said liner underlying said bottom side'panels and said bottomend panels, said tabs underlying said liner flaps at the end edges ofsaid flaps.

3 A hollow walled folding box comprising, in combination, a main bottompanel; a pair of side wall structitres on opposite sides of the mainbottom panel; a pair of end w'all structures at opposite ends of themain bottom panel; and corner structures between said side wallstructures and said end wall structures; each of said side wallstructures comprising, an outer side wall panel articulated to said mainbottom panel along an outer side fold'line;

an" inner side Wall panel articulated to said outer side wall panelalong a side ridge fold line; an upper bottom panel articulated to saidinner side wall panel along an inner side fold line; an intermediatebottom panel articulated to said upper bottom panel along a foldlinespaced from, and parallel to, said inner side fold line and said outerside fold line, said intermediate bottom panel being folded back withrespect to said upper bottom panel and forming with the upper bottompanel a return fold underneath the side ridge fold line, saidintermediate bottom' panel being adhesively secured to said main bottompanel of the box; each of said end wall structures comprising, an' outerend wall panel articulated to said main bottom panel along an outer endfold line; an inner end wall panel articulated to said outer end wallpanel along an end ridge fold line; and a bottom flap articulated tosaid inner end panel along an inner end fold line; each ofsaid cornerstructures comprising at least one corner panel articulated to one ofthe side wall panels along a fold line aimed at said side ridge foldline, said corner panel lying, in' theYset-up box, between said outerend wall panel and said inner end wall panel; and a separate bottomliner panel having side edges, said liner panel extending with its sideedges between the upper bottom panel and the intermediate bottom panelof each of said opposite s'ide wall structures, said liner panel havingan internal flap cut from its stock, said internal flap pointing towardstheproximate end edge and having a hinge line substantially parallel tothe inner end panel of the box, the said bottom flap extending throughthe cut forming said internal flap, underneath said liner panel, the endedge of said internal flap bearing against said inner end wall panel inedge-to-surface position, thereby locking the end struc ture inset-upposition.

4. A hollow walled folding box comprising, in com bination, a mainpanel; a pair of side wall structures on opposite sides of the mainpanel, a pair of end wall structures at opposite ends of the main panel;and corner structures between said side wall structures and said endwall structures; each of said side wall structures comprising, an outerside wall panel articulated to said main panel along an outer side foldline; an inner side wall panel articulated to said outer side wall panelalong a side ridge fold line; an upper bottom panel articulated to saidinner side wall panel along an inner side fold line, and an intermediatebottom panel articulated to the upper bottom panel at a return foldline, said intermediate bottom panel being folded back with regardto,-randunder, said upper bottom panel; each of said end wall structurescomprising, an outer end wall panel articulated to said main panel alongan outer end fold line; an inner end wall panel articulated to saidouter end wall panel along an end ridge fold line; and a bottom endpanel articulated to said inner end panel along an inner end fold li-ne;each of said corner structures comprising at' least one corner panelarticulated to one of the side wall panels along a fold line aimed atthe side ridge told line bordering said one wall panel, said cornerpanel :lying, in the set-up box, between the outer end wall panel andthe inner end wall panel; and a separate liner panel larger than thespace of the box between said inner wall panels, said liner paneloverlying said main panel and extending with its marginal side portionsunderneath said side wall structures substantially to said return toldlines, and extending with its marginal end portions under said end wallstructures substantially to said outer end foldlines, said liner panelhaving two slits therethrough, said inner end panels extending throughsaid slits so that each bottom end pa-nel lies in the space between saidmain panel and said liner panel underneath said end wall structure.

5, A hollow walled folding box comprising, in com- 'bination, a mainpanel; a pair of side wall structures on opposite sides of the mainpanel, a pair of end wall structures at opposite ends of the main panel;and corner structures between said side wall structures and said endwall structures; each of said side wall structures comprising, an outerside wall panel articulated to said main panel along an outer side foldline; an inner side wall panel articulated to said outer side wall panelalong a side ridge fold line; and a bottom side panel articulated tosaid inner side wall panel along an inner side fold line and extendinginwardly under the side wall structure in the set-up box; said end wallstructures comprising, an outer end wall panel articulated to said mainpanel along an outer end fold line; an inner end wall panel articulatedto said outer end wall panel along an end ridge fold line; and a bottomend panel articulated to said inner end panel along an inner end foldline, said bottom end panel extending inwardly under the end wallstructure in the set-up box; said corner structure comprising at leastone corner panel articulated to one of the wall panels of one wallstructure along a fold line aimed at the ridge fold line of said onewall structure, said corner panel lying, in the set-up box, between theouter wall panel and the inner wall panel of the other wall structureliner panel of a width greater than the distance between said inner sidewall panels and extending with its side edges substantially into contactwith said side wall structures, considering the set-up box, said linerhaving two internal flaps cut from its stock, each said internal fl-appointing towards the proximate end edge and having a hinge lineapproximately parallel to the inner end panel of the box, said bottomend panel extending through the cut forming said internal flap,underneath said liner, the end edge of said internal flap bearingagainst said inner end wall panel in edge-to-surfa'ce position, therebylocking the end wall structure in a setup position.

References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS1,331,009 Ford Feb. 17, 1920 2,148,048 Glray Feb. 2 1, 1939 2,465,169,OCon-nor Mar. 22, 1949 2,511,542 -Rau June 30, 1950 2,605,953 WilliamsonAug. 5, 1952

